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Islam and Hinduism

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"Allah - there is no deity except Him. And upon Allah let the believers rely." - At-Taghabun (13)

Similarities and Differences between Islam and Hinduism

In this section, we will analyze the similarities           

between Islam and Hinduism through the

references of Sacred Scriptures of both religions

based on Six Pillars of Islam, such as Concept

of God in Islam and Hinduism, Concept of

Prophet hood, Concept of Angels, Concept/believe

in Revelations, The Concept of Life After Death, and

The Concept of Fate/Destiny in Islam and Hinduism.

Surah Ale Imran Ch.3. V. 64 “Say, "O People of the

Scripture, come to a word that is equitable between us and you - that we will not worship except Allah and not associate anything with Him and not take one another as lords instead of Allah." But if they turn away, then say, "Bear witness that we are Muslims [submitting to Him]."”

In order to understand any religion or scripture, it is not appropriate to try and understand a religion by observing what the followers of that religion do. Because, many of times, the followers themselves are not aware about their own religion and their own scriptures. Therefore, the best and appropriate method of understanding a religion is to try and understand the authentic sources of the religion. If we have to understand the Hinduism, we have to understand the authentic sources of Hinduism. The most sacred scriptures in Hinduism are the Vedas, Bhagvad Gita, the Puranas, Upanishad, the Itihaas, and Ramayan etc. So, if we have to understand Hinduism, we should understand the Hinduism in the correct perspectives. If we have to understand Islam, we have to understand the glorious Qur’an which is the last and final revelation sent by Allah to the last and final messenger Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him and Hadith.

Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 6: Ref 699 It says the word Hindu is not mentioned in any Hindu sacred scriptures. Today, the Hindu scholars object and say that the word Hinduism is a misnomer. The right word should be Sanatana Dharma, Vedantist, Vedic Dharama etc. (The followers of the Vedas). In short, the word Hinduism is a geographical definition used to describe the people of India.

Similarities between Islam and Hinduism
1.   Concept of God in Islam

The Qur’an propounds monotheism                     

(believe in one God), you will find similarities between Hinduism and Islam in this section.

As per Islam, the best and the most concise definition of God is given in Surah Ikhlas of the Glorious Qur’an: Surah Ikhlas Ch.112. V. 1-4 (“Say He is Allah, The One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begets not, Nor is He begotten; And there is none Like unto Him”).

Surah Baqarah Ch.2, V.177 (“Righteousness is not that you turn your faces toward the east or the west, but [true] righteousness is [in] one who believes in Allah , the Last Day, the angels, the Book, and the prophets and gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to relatives, orphans, the needy, the traveler, those who ask [for help], and for freeing slaves; [and who] establishes prayer and gives zakah; [those who] fulfill their promise when they promise; and [those who] are patient in poverty and hardship and during battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are the righteous.”)

Islam is a system of thought that believes in absolute monotheism, called Tawḥeed. Muslims are required to affirm daily, as one of the six pillars of Islam, in Shahada, that is "There is no God but Allah, Muhammad (pbuh) is the messenger of Allah. Basically, there are six Pillars of Emaan in Islam: Believing in God, Believing in his Angles, Believing in his Books, Believing in his Messengers, and Believing in Resurrection/Life after death and Destiny.

Concept of God in Hinduism:

Hinduism is a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning Monotheism, Polytheism, Pantheism, Monism, Agnosticism, Humanism and Atheism among others. Hindus are free to choose any of these beliefs.

If you ask a common Hindu that how many gods does he believe in? Some may say three, some may say 10, some may say 100, some may say 1000, and some may say three hundred and thirty three millions etc. But, if you ask this question to the learned Hindu, who is well versed with the scripture, he will tell you that Hindus should actually believe and worship only one almighty God. But the common Hindu believe in a philosophy known as “Pantheism” (Everything is God) for example, tree, sun, moon, human being, and snake etc. While Muslims believe that everything is God’s or everything belongs to God, such as tree, sun moon, human being, and snake etc. belong to God. If you read the Holy Scriptures of Hinduism, you will find the same message of one-ness of Almighty God. For example:

 

Upanishad

Concept of God is mentioned in Hindu Scripture; Chandogya Upanishad Ch. 6 Sec.2 V.1 (" God is only One without a second”)

Shvetashvatara Upanishad Ch.6: V.9 (“Of Him there are no parents, Almighty God has got no mother, Has got no father, has got no master, has got no superior”)

Shvetashvatara Upanishad Ch.4: V.19-20 (“Of Him, there is no likeness, His form cannot be seen, No-one can see Him with their eyes”).



 

Bhagvad Gita

Amongst all the Hindu Scriptures the most popular Hindu Scripture is Bhagvad Gita. According to Bhagvad Gita Ch.7: V.20 (“Those whose minds are distorted by material desires surrender unto demigods and follow the particular rules and regulations of worship according to their own natures.”)

It’s further mentioned in Bhagvad Gita Ch.10: V.3 (“He who knows Me as the unborn, as the beginning less, as the Supreme Lord of all the worlds-he, undeluded among men, is freed from all sins”) 

Yajurveda

According to Vedas, the concept of God in Yajurveda Ch.32: V.3 (“Of Him, there are no images”).

Also, Yajurveda Ch.40: V.8-9 (“O humans, the Brahma is almighty and free from the body. It is free from distortions and cannot be broken in pieces. It is free from veins. It is pure, sinless, omnipresent, omniscient, knows the nature of every creature, trample the sinners, source of pleasure. It has no parents and it never born or grows or dies. That Brahma which is beginning less gives the knowledge to its creation through Vedas. Adore it. Those people who pray prakriti which is lifeless and not the Brahma which is unborn. They enter into darkness. And those who consider one that is formed by prakriti as their cause they enter in more darkness.”) It means they are entering into more darkness, those who worship the created things for example; table, chair, idols etc. Further mentioned in Yajurveda 40:16 "Lead us to the good path and remove the sin that makes us stray and wander". 

Atharvaveda

Atharvaveda Book .20 Hymn 58: V.3 (“"God is verily great") 

Rigveda

The oldest of all the Vedas is Rigveda. It is also the one considered most sacred by the Hindus. The Rigveda states in Book 1, hymn 164 and verse 46 "(Sages (learned Priests) call one God by many names.)" A similar message is given in Rigveda, Book 10, hymn 114, verse 5.

Among the various attributes of God, one of the beautiful attributes mentioned in the Rigveda Book II hymn 1 verse 3, is Brahma. Brahma means 'The Creator'. Translated into Arabic it means Khaaliq. Muslims can have no objection if Almighty God is referred to as Khaaliq or 'Creator' or Brahma. However, if it is said that Brahma is Almighty God who has four heads with each head having a crown, Muslims take strong exception to it. Another beautiful attribute of God mentioned in the Rigveda Book II hymn 1 verse 3 is Vishnu. Vishnu means 'The Sustainer'. Translated into Arabic it means Rabb. Again, Muslims can have no objection if Almighty God is referred to as Rabb or 'Sustainer' or Vishnu.

The Rigveda Book 8, hymn 1, verse 1 refer to the Unity and Glory of the Supreme Being ("O friends, do not worship anybody but Him, the Divine One. Praise Him alone.")

Rigveda Book 5 Hymn 81 verse 1 “Verily great is the glory of the Divine Creator”

Rigveda Book no. VI, Hymn 45, verse 16 “Praise Him who is the matchless & alone”.

All the above quoted verses and passages from Hindu Scriptures clearly amplify the Oneness and Uniqueness of Almighty God; the Creator of all. Furthermore, they negate the existence of any other deity besides the One True God. These verses essentially propound monotheism which is same as Islam.

Therefore, only if one carefully studies the Hindu Scriptures, will one understand and realize the correct concept of God in Hinduism.

2.    CONCEPT OF PROPHETHOOD IN HINDUISM AND IN ISLAM

According to Islam, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is the last and final Messenger of God. Several Hindu Sacred Scriptures clearly speaks about Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) by name as the last and final Messenger of God. If someone does not believe in Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), are not following their own Holy Scriptures. Following are the references from the Holy Scriptures of both the religions:
 

Messengers in Islam

Messengers or Prophets of Almighty God are persons chosen by Almighty God to communicate His message to the people. Believing in the Messengers is the essential Pillars of Islam. No Muslims can be a Muslim without believing in all the Messengers of God.

Messengers were sent to every nation: 

  1. "To every people (was sent) A Messenger: when their Messenger, Comes (before them), the matter Will be judged between them, With justice, and they, Will not be wronged". (Al Qur’an 10:47)

  2. "For We assuredly sent, Amongst every people a messenger, (with the command), “Serve Allah and eschew Evil”: Of the people were some whom Allah guided, and some, On whom Error became Inevitably (established). So travel Through the earth, and see What was the end of those Who denied (the Truth)."  (Al Qur’an 16:36)

  3. "And there never was A people, without a warner Having lived among them (In the past)". (Al Qur’an 35:24)

  4. "And to every people a guide". (Al Qur’an 13:7)

1,24,000 PROPHETS SENT BY ALLAH, 25 PROPHETS ARE MENTIONED BY NAME IN THE QUR’AN
According to a Sahih Hadith in Mishkatul Masaabih Vol. 3 hadith No. 5737 Ahmad Ibn Hambal Vol. 5 page 265-266: “There were 1,24,000 prophets sent by Allah (swt).”

There are 25 Prophets mentioned by name in the Glorious Qur’an. Some of such prophets are: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (peace be upon them all).

STORIES OF ONLY SOME PROPHETS MENTIONED IN THE QUR’AN

It is mentioned in the Qur’an: 

  • "Of some messengers We have Already told you the story; Of others we have not And to Moses Allah spoke direct". (Al Qur’an 4:164)

  • "We did aforetime send Messengers before you: of them, There are some whose story We have related to you, And some whose story We have not related To you". (Al Qur’an 40:78)

PREVIOUS PROPHETS WERE SENT ONLY FOR THEIR PEOPLE
 

All the prophets that came before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) were sent for their people and their nation, and the complete message they preached was meant only for that time.

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) IS THE LAST AND FINAL MESSENGER

It is mentioned in Surah Al-Ahzab: "Muhammad is not, The father of any Of your men, but (he is) The Messenger of Allah, And the Seal of the Prophets: And Allah has full knowledge Of all things" (Al Qur’an 33:40) 

AVTARS AND MESSENGERS IN HINDUISM

Avatar according to common Hindus:
a.  Common Hindus have the following concept of Avatar. It means to descend down or to come down. Avatar according to common Hindus means Almighty God coming down to earth in bodily form. A Common Hindu believes that God Almighty comes down to the earth in some bodily form to protect the religion, to set an example or to set the rules for human beings.

b. There is no reference of Avatars anywhere in the Vedas, the most sacred of the Hindu scriptures i.e. sruti. However, it is found in the smrti i.e., the Puranas and the Itihas. It is mentioned in the most popular and widely read book of Hinduism.

  • Bhagavad Geeta: “Whenever there is a decay of righteousness, O Bharata, And a rise of unrighteousness, then I manifest Myself, For the protection of the good, for the destruction of the Wicked and for the establishment of righteousness, I am born in every age". (Bhagavad Geeta 4:7-8

  • Bhagawata Purana: “Whenever there is deterioration in righteousness and waxing of sinfulness, the glorious lord incarnates himself.” (Bhagawata Purana 9:24:56)

No Concept of Avatar, but Messenger in Veda and Islam

Islam does not believe that Almighty God takes human forms. He chooses a man amongst men and communicates with them on a higher level to deliver his message to the human beings – such individuals are called Messengers of God.
‘Avatar’, as mentioned earlier, is derived from ‘Av’ and ‘tr’, which means to descend down or come down. Some scholars state that God’s Avatar indicates a possessive case and actually means the coming of a man “who is in special relationship with God”. Mention of such chosen men of God appears in several places in all the four Vedas. Thus, if we have to reconcile Bhagavad Gita and Purana with the most authoritative scripture; The Vedas, we have to agree that Bhagavad Gita and the Puranas, -when they speak about Avatars, they refer to chosen men of God. Islam calls such men “Prophets”.
 

MUHAMMAD (PBUH) PROPHESIZED IN HINDU SCRIPTURES:

 a.   Muhammad (pbuh) prophesied in Bhavishya Purana:
 

According to Bhavishya Purana in the Prati Sarag Parv III, Khand 3, Adhyay 3, Shalokas 5 to 8 “A Malechha (belonging to a foreign country and speaking a foreign language) spiritual teacher will appear with his companions, His name will be Mohammad. Raja (Bhoj) after giving this Maha Dev Arab (of angelic disposition) a bath in the ‘panchgavya’ and the Ganges water (i.e. purging him of all sins) offered him the presents of his sincere devotion and showing him all reverence said, “I make obeisance to thee, ‘O ye! The pride of mankind, the dweller in Arabia, ye have collected a great force to kill the devil and you yourself have been protected from the malechha opponents”.

The Prophecy clearly states:

(i)      The name of the Prophet as “Muhammad”.
(ii)     He will belong to Arabia; the Sanskrit word Marusthal means a sandy track of land or a    desert.
(iii)    Special mention is made of the companions of the prophet i.e. the Sahabas. No other Prophet had as    many companions as Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).
(iv)    He is referred as the pride of mankind (Parbatis nath).
          

The Glorious Qur’an reconfirms:

  •  “And thou (standest) on an exalted standard of character” (Al Qur’an 68:4)

  •  ‘Ye have indeed in the Messenger of Allah, a beautiful pattern (of conduct)’ (Al Qur’an 33:21)

(v)     He will kill the devil i.e. abolish idol worship and all sorts of vices.
(vi)    The Prophet will be protected against his enemies.

Some people may argue that Raja Bhoj mentioned in the prophecy lived in the 11th century C.E. i.e. 500 years after the advent of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and that he was the descendant of the 10th generation of Raja Shalivahan. These people were failed to realize that there was not only one Raja of the name Bhoj. The Egyptian Monarchs were called as Pharaohs and the Roman Kings were known as Caesars. Similarly, Indian Rajas were given the title of Bhoj. There were several Raja Bhojs who came before the one in 11th Century C.E.
The Prophet did not physically take a bath in Panch gavya and the water of Ganges. Since the water of Ganges is considered Holy, taking bath in the Ganges is an idiom meaning washing away or making immune from all sorts of sins. Here the prophecy implies that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was sinless i.e. ‘maasoom’.

 

b.   Muhammad (pbuh) prophesied in Bhavishya Purana:

According to Bhavishya Purana in the Pratisarag Parv III, Khand 3, Adhyay 3 Shalokas 10 to 27 Maharishi Vyas has prophesied:
“The Malechha have spoiled the well-known land of the Arabs. Arya Dharma is not to be found in the country. Before also there appeared a misguided fiend whom I had killed; he has now again appeared being sent by a powerful enemy. To show these enemies the right path and to give them guidance the well-known Mohamad (Mohammad) who has been given by me, the epithet of Brahma, is busy in bringing the ‘Pishachas’ to the right path. O Raja, you need not go to the land of the foolish Pishachas, you will be purified through my kindness even where you are. At night, he of the angelic disposition, the shrewd man, in the guise of a pischacha said to Raja Bhoj, O Raja! Your Arya Dharma has been made to prevail over all religions, but according to the commandments of Ishwar Parmatama, I shall enforce the strong creed of the meat eaters. My followers will be men circumcised, without a tail (on his head), keeping beard, creating a revolution announcing Adhan (call for prayer) and will be eating all lawful things. He will eat all sorts of animals except swine. They will not seek purification from the holy shrubs, but will be purified through warfare. On account of their fighting the irreligious nations, they will be known as Musalmaans. I shall be the originator of this religion of the meat-eating nation.”

The Prophecy states that:

(i)         The evildoers have corrupted the Arab land.
(ii)        Arya Dharma is not found in that land.
(iii)       The present enemies will be destroyed just as the previous enemies like Abraha had perished.

The Qur’an speaks about these sorts of previous enemies in Surah Al Fil: 
“Seest thou not how thy lord dealt with the Companions of the elephant? Did He not make their treacherous plan go astray? And He sent against them flights of Birds Striking them with stones of baked clay Then did he make them like an empty field Of stalk and straw, (of which the corn) has been eaten up. (Al Qur’an 105:1-5)

(iv)       Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) has been given the title Brahma to guide the opponents of truth.
(vi)     The Indian Raja need not go to Arab land since his purification will take place in India after the Musalmaan will arise in India.
(vi)       The coming Prophet will attest the truth of the Aryan faith i.e. Monotheism and will reform the misguided people.
(vii)      The Prophet’s followers will be circumcised. They will be without a tale on their heads, they will keep beards and they will create a great revolution.
(viii)     They will announce the adhaan i.e. ‘call for prayer’.
(ix)       He will only eat lawful things and animals, but will not eat pork.

The Qur’an confirms this in no less than 4 different places:

  • In Surah Al-Baqarah chapter 2 verse 173

  • In  Surah Al-Maidah chapter 5 verse 3

  • In Surah Al-Anam chapter 6 verse 145

  • In Surah Al-Nahl Chapter 16 verse 115  “Forbidden for you for food are dead meat, blood, flesh of swine and that on which had been invoked the name of other than Allah.”


(x)        They will not purify with grass like the Hindus, but by means of sword they will fight the evil-doers.
(xi)       They will be called Musalmaan.
(xii)      They will be a meat-eating nation.

The Qur’an permits humans to eat herbivorous animals in Surah Maidah chapter 5 verse no. 1 and in Surah Mu’minoon chapter 23 verse 21
(xiii)     Commentary

According to Bhavishya Purana Part – III, khand 1, Adhyay 3, shlokas 21-23
“Corruption and persecution are in seven sacred cities of Kashi etc. India is inhabited by Rakshas, Shabar, Bhil and other foolish people. In the land of ‘Malechhas’ the followers of the ‘Malechah dharma’ (Islam) are wise and brave people. All good qualities are found in Musalmaans and all sorts of vices have accumulated in the land of the Aryas. Islam will rule in India and its island. Having known these facts O Meeni, glorify the name of the Lord”.

The Qur’an confirms:

  • “It is He who hath sent His messenger with guidance and the Religion of Truth, to proclaim it over all religion, even though the pagans may detest (it).(Al Qur’an 9:33 and 61:9) 

  •  and a similar verse ends with: ‘And enough is Allah for a witness”.(Al Qur’an 48:28)

c.   Prophet Muhammad prophesized in Atharva Veda

In the 20th book of Atharva Veda Hymn-127, some Suktas (chapters) are known as ‘kuntap sukt’. ‘Kuntap’ means ‘the consumer of misery and troubles', thus meaning of ‘the message of peace and safety’; when we translate in Arabic, it means Islam.
‘Kuntap’ also means hidden glands in the abdomen. These mantras are probably called so because their true meaning was hidden and was to be revealed in future. Its hidden meaning is also connected with the naval or the middle point of the earth. Makkah is called the ‘Ummul Qura’, or ‘the mother of the towns’ or ‘the naval of the earth’ in many revealed books. It was the first house of worship of the One God- where Almighty God gave spiritual nourishment to the world. The Glorious Qur’an says: “The first House (of worship) appointed for men was that at Bakka (Makkah) full of blessing and of guidance for all kinds of beings.” (Al Qur’an 3:96)

Another name for Makkah is Becca. Thus ‘kuntap’ stands for Makkah or Becca.
Several people like M. Bloom Field, Prof Ralph Griffith, Pandit Rajaram, Pandit Khem Karan and others have translated these kuntap suktas. The main points mentioned in the kuntap suktas in Atharvaved book XX Hymn 127 verses 1-13 are:

Mantra 1
He is Narashansah or the praised one (Mohammad).
He is Kaurama the prince of peace or the emigrant, who is safe even amongst a host of 60,090 enemies.
Mantra 2.
He is a camel-riding Rishi, whose chariot touches the heaven.
Mantra 3.
He is Mamah Rishi.
Mantra 4
Vachyesv rebh ‘Oh! Ye who glorifies.’
Mantra 14
We glorify or praise the great hero with a song of praise and a prayer. Please accept this praise so that evil may not befall us.

(i) The Sanskrit word ‘Narashansah’ means ‘the praised one’ which is the literal translation of the Arabic word Muhammad (pbuh).
The Sanskrit word ‘Kaurama’ means ‘one who spreads and promotes peace’. The Holy Prophet was the ‘prince of peace’ and he preached equality of human kind and universal brotherhood. ‘Kaurama’ also means ‘an emigrant’. The Prophet migrated from Makkah to Medina and was thus an emigrant.

(ii)  He will be protected from 60,090 enemies, which was the population of Makkah. The Prophet would ride a camel. This clearly indicates that, it cannot be an Indian Rishi since it is forbidden for a Brahman to ride a camel. According to Manu Smriti chapter 11 verse 202 sacred books of the east, volume 25, Laws of Manu pg. 472 “A Brahman is prohibited from riding a camel or an ass and to bathe naked. He should purify himself by suppressing his breath”.

(iii) This mantra gave the Rishi name as Mamah. No Rishi in India or any other Prophet had this name. ‘Mamah’ is derived from ‘Mah’ which means to esteem highly, or to revere, and to exalt. Some Sanskrit books give the Prophet’s name as ‘Mahamad’ but this word according to Sanskrit grammer can also be used in the bad sense. It is incorrect to apply grammar to an Arabic word. Actually, Mamah has the same meaning and somewhat similar pronunciation as the word Muhammad (pbuh).
 

It is mentioned is Atharvaveda Book XX hymn 21, verse 6: “O Lord of the truthful! These liberators drinks, these feats of bravery and the inspiring songs gladdened thee in the field of battle. When thou renderst vanquished without fight the ten thousand opponents of the praying one, the adoring one.”

(i) This Prophecy of the Veda describes the well-known the battle of Ahzab or the battle of the Allies during the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The Prophet was victorious without an actual conflict, which is mentioned in the Qur’an:  “When the believers saw the confederate forces they said: This is what Allah and his Messenger had promised us, and Allah and His Messenger told us what was true.” And it only added to their faith and their zeal in obedience. (Al Qur’an 33:22)


(ii)     The Sanskrit word ‘karo’ in the Mantra means the ‘Praising one’ when translated into Arabic means Ahmed, the second name of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).


(iii) The 10,000 opponents mentioned in the mantra were the enemies of the Prophet and the Muslims were only 3000 in number.

(iv) The last words of the Mantra ‘aprati ni bashayah’ means the defeat was given to the enemies without an actual fight.

 

d.   Battle of the Allies described in the Vedas.
 

e.  The enemies defeat in the conquest of Makkah.

It is mentioned in Atharva Veda book 20 Hymn 21 verse no. 9. “You have O Indira overthrown 20 kings and 60,099 men with an outstripping chariot wheel who came to fight the praised one or far famed (Muhammad) Orphan”

(i)      The population of Makkah at the time of Prophet’s advent was nearly 60,000.
(ii)     There were several clans in Makkah each having its own chief. Totally there were about 20 chiefs to rule the population of Makkah.
(iii)    An ‘Abandhu’ meaning a ‘helpless man’ who was far famed and ‘Praised one’ [Muhammad (pbuh)] overcame his enemies with the help of God.

 

f.    A similar prophecy is also found in Rigveda Book I, Hymn 53 verse 9.

The Sanskrit word used is ‘Sushrama’ which means praiseworthy or well praised which in Arabic means Muhammad (pbuh). 

g.    Muhammad (pbuh) did not drink his mother’s milk.

It is mentioned in:
(i) Samveda Agni, mantra 64 (S.V. m-64)
(ii) Samveda Book 1 chapter 2, decade 2, verse 2 (S.V. 1:2:2:2)
"The habits of this child are very strange. He does not go to his mother for milk, his mother does not feed him milk and yet as soon as he is born he takes up the noble assignment of prophet hood”.

Muhammad (pbuh) was an orphan and thus none of the wet nurses were interested in taking care of him. On the other hand, no mother was willing to give her child to Lady Halima because she did not seem to have enough milk. Thus, Lady Halima took Muhammad (pbuh) home for breast-feeding, and as soon as she began to breast-feed Muhammad (pbuh), there was a surge of milk in her breasts.
 

h.   Muhammad (pbuh) prophesized by name as Ahmed in other scriptures

(i)      Samveda Uttararchika, mantra 1500,(Samveda Part 2 Book 7 chapter 1 section 5 verse 1)
(ii)     Samveda Indra chapter 2 mantra 152, (Samveda Book 2 chapter 2 decade 1 verse 8)

        Similarly he has been prophesized by name as Ahmed in:
(iii)    Yajurveda chapter 31 verse 18          
(iv)    Rigveda Book 8 hymn 6 verse 10
(v)     Atharvaveda Book 8 chapter 5 verse 16
(vi)    Atharvaveda Book 20 chapter 126 verse 14

Muhammad (pbuh) has prophesized by name as Ahmed also in Samveda Uttararchik
Samveda Uttararchik Mantra 1500 Part II Book VII chapter 1 section 5 verse 1 and Samved Indra chapter 2 mantra 152 Book 2 chapter 2 decade 1 verse 8) “Ahmed acquired from his Lord the knowledge of eternal law. I received light from him just as from the sun”.

The Prophecy confirms –

  • The name of the Prophet as Ahmed is an Arabic name, many translators misunderstood it to be Ahm at hi and translated the mantra as I alone have acquired the real wisdom of my father.

  •  The Prophet was given eternal law i.e. Shari’ah. The Rishi was enlightened by the Shari’ah of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).


The Glorious Qur’an says in Surah Saba: “We have not sent thee but as a universal (Messenger) to men, giving them glad tidings and warning them (against sin), but most men understand not.”(Al Qur’an 34:28)

i.    Muhammad (pbuh) Prophesized as Narashangsa.

The word ‘Narashangsa’ is the combination of ‘Nar’ and ‘Aashangsa’ – Nar – means man and ‘Aashangsa’ means ‘praised’, therefore ‘Narashangsa’ means ‘the praised man’.
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is mentioned as ‘Narashangsa’ in the Hindu scriptures in several places including:

  1. Rigveda Book 1 hymn 13 verse 3

  2. Rigveda Book 1 hymn 18 verse 9

  3. Rigveda Book 1 hymn 106 verse 4

  4. Rigveda Book 1 hymn 142 verse 3

  5. Rigveda Book 2 hymn 3 verse 2

  6. Rigveda Book 3 hymn 29 verse 11

  7. Rigveda Book 5 hymn 5 verse 2

  8. Rigveda Book 7 hymn 2 verse 2

  9. Rigveda Book 10 hymn 64 verse 3

  10. Rigveda Book 10 hymn 182 verse 2

  11. Samveda Uttararchik mantra 1349

  12. Yajurved chapter 29 verse 27

  13. Yajurved Book 1 chapter 6 verse 4

  14. Yajurved Book 1 chapter 7 verse 4

  15. Yajurved chapter 20 verse 37

  16. Yajurved chapter 20 verse 57

  17. Yajurved chapter 21 verse 31

  18. Yajurved chapter 21 verse 55

  19. Yajurved chapter 28 verse 2

  20. Yajurved chapter 28 verse 19

  21. Yajurved chapter 28 verse 42

j.    Kalki Avatar

It is mentioned in:

  • Bhagvata Purana Khand 12 Adhyay 2 shlokas 18-20: “(It is in the house of Vishnuyash, the noble soul Brahmana chief of the village called sambhala that Lord Kalki will be incarnated”.

  •  “The Lord of the universe, endowed with eight spiritual powers and excellence was unsurpassed in splendour and glory. Riding on a fleet horse given to him by angels, and with a sword in his hand, the saviour of the world will subdue all the miscreants)”.


It is mentioned in  Bhagwat Purana Khand 1 Adhyay 3 Shloka 25 “Then in the twilight of the Kali age, when kings will be as good as robbers, this protector of the world will be born of Vishnuyasa under the name Kalki“. The description of the Kalki Avatar i.e. the final Avatar is given in the verses Kalki Purana chapter 2 verses 4, 5, 7, 11 & 15.

1.      Mother’s name Sumati i.e. Aaminah
The name of his mother will be Sumati (K.P.2: 4 & 11), which means gentle and thoughtful, Prophet Muhammad’s mother’s name was Aaminah, which means peaceful and gentle.

2.      Father’s name Vishnuyash i.e. Abdullah.
His father’s name will be ‘Vishnuyash’ which means ‘worshipper of Vishnu’ i.e. ‘worshipper of God’. Muhammad’s father’s name was Abdullah which means ‘obedient worshipper of Allah i.e. God’.

3.      Born in Sambhala i.e. Makkah
He will be born in a village called ‘Sambhala’ which means house of peace and security. Makkah is known as Darul Aman, which means house of peace and security.

4.      Born in the house of Chief Priest.
He will be born in the house of chief of the village Sambhala. Muhammad (pbuh) was born in the house of the chief of the Kaaba.

5.      Born on the 12th day of Madhav i.e. Rabi-ul-Awwal.
It is prophesized that Kalki Avatar will be born on the 12th day of the bright (first) half of the month of Madhav. It is a historical fact that Muhammad (pbuh) was born on the 12th day of the bright half of the month of Rabi-ul-Awwal.

6.      He will be the Antim or final Avatar
He has been described as the ‘Antim’ i.e. ‘the last and final’ of all the Avatars.

The Qur’an also mentions: "Muhammad is not The Father of any Of your men, but (he is) The Messenger of Allah, And the seal (the last and final) of the Prophets, And Allah has full knowledge Of all things" (Al Qur’an 33:40)  Thus the Qur’an states that Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is the Seal, i.e. last and final Prophet of Allah.

7.      Will receive knowledge on the mountain from the Lord and then go towards North and come back.
Kalki Avatar will go to the mountains and receive knowledge from Parsuram, then go towards the north and come back. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) did go to Jable-Noor i.e. the Mountain of Light, where he received the first Revelation from Archangel Gabriel. Later, he went north to Medina and later made a victorious return to Makkah.

8.   He will have the most graceful personality.
Kalki Avatar will have unparalleled grace. Qur’an mentions in ‘Surah Al-Qalam chapter 68 verse 4 And thou (standest) on an exalted standard of character. “

9.   Endowed with eight special qualities
Kalki Avatar will be endowed with eight special qualities. These qualities are wisdom, respectable lineage, self-control, revealed knowledge, valour, measured speech, utmost charity and gratitude. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had all these eight special qualities.

  1. Wisdom – He was very wise. It is no wonder that several people approached him for guidance, even before he claimed to be a Prophet.

  2. Respectable lineage – He belonged to the noble tribe of Quraysh who were the caretakers of the sacred Kaaba.

  3. Self-control – He was the best example of self-control. From history, we learn that his enemies on many occasions tried to instigate him. However, he was always patient and responded wisely.

  4. Revealed knowledge – Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) received the last and final revelation of God, which is the Glorious Qur’an through Archangel Gabriel.

  5. Valour – Muhammad (pbuh) possessed great physical strength and courage. He took active part in the battles against his enemies and most of such battles were fought in self-defense against aggression by the other party.

  6. Measured speech – Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) spoke with emphasis and deliberation that people could not forget what he said. In his intercourse with others he would sit silent among his companions for long time but when he spoke his speech was eloquent and full of meaning and advice.

  7. Utmost charity – Muhammad (pbuh) was very charitable and never disappointed anyone who asked for help even in situations when he himself was in financial difficulties. Many poor people lived only on his generosity.

  8. Gratefulness – Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was known for his gratefulness. He showed immense gratitude to the Ansaars i.e. the helpers from the city of Medina.


10. Teacher of the World.
The Kalki Avatar will be the saviour of the world i.e. he will guide and teach the world. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) did not only guide and save the Arabs but the whole of humankind.
The Qur’an mentions: “We have not sent thee But as a universal Messenger To men, giving them Glad tidings, and warning them (Against sin), but most men Understand not.  (Al Qur’an 34:28)”

11. Shiva will present a steed to Kalki avatar.
It is prophesized that Shiva will present an extraordinary steed to the Kalki Avatar. Muhammad (pbuh) received a steed from Almighty God, which was known as ‘Buraq’ and whose speed transcended.

12. He will ride a horse and carry a sword.
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) received a heavenly steed from Almighty God called ‘Buraq’ on which he made his heavenly journey known as ‘Miraaj’ or the ‘Ascension to the heavens’.
Moreover, we also learn from the history of the Prophet that he himself took part in several battles, most of which were fought in self-defense, and on many such occasions, he rode a horse and carried a sword in his hand.

13. He will subdue the wicked
It is mentioned that Kalki Avatar will subdue the wicked. It was Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), who purified (transformed) bandits and miscreants and established them on the path of truth. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) came at a time, which was known as ‘Yaumul-Jahiliyah’, which means the “age or era of ignorance”. People indulged in various types of vices. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) brought them from darkness to light.

14. He will overpower the Devil with four companions
It is prophesized that Kalki Avatar, with four of his companions, will disarm Kali i.e. the devil. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), with his four most trusted companions, fought against the mischief and the evil of the devil. These four companions were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali (may Allah be pleased with them all). These four companions later became the first four Khalifas and spread the religion of Islam. In Islamic parlance these four are referred to as ‘the rightly guided Caliphs’.

15. He will be assisted by angels.
The Kalki Avatar will be assisted by angels in the battlefield. In the battle of Badr, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was assisted by angels who descended from the heavens.

This is also mentioned in the Qur’an in: Surah Ale- Imran chapter 3 verse 123-125, and
Surah Al- Anfal chapter 8 verses 8 & 9

Thus, the concept of Messengers is clearly mentioned in the several authentic Hindu Scriptures as well as Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) by name is mentioned in these scared scriptures. Therefore, every Hindu who believes in these sacred scriptures should believe in the last and final Messenger Muhammad (pbuh) which is the most important pillar of Islam.

3.      Concept of Angels in Hinduism and in Islam

Concept of Angels in Islam

Angels are a creation of Allah (swt). They have been created from light and are normally unseen. They do not have a free will of their own and hence they always obey the commandments of Almighty Allah. Due to the absence of free will, they cannot disobey God. Different angels have been appointed by Almighty Allah for different activities. For example, Archangel Gabriel (Jibreel) was appointed to convey the revelation of Allah (swt) to the Prophets of Allah.
 

Concept of Angels in Hinduism

There is no concept of angels in Hinduism. However, Hindus believe that there are certain super-beings, which perform acts, which cannot be done by normal human beings. These super-beings too are worshipped as deities by some Hindus.
 

4.     CONCEPT OF REVELATION IN HINDUISM AND IN ISLAM

Concept of Revelation in Islam

Allah (swt) has sent a revelation in every age and every Muslim must have to believe in the Books send by Almighty God “For each period Is a Book (revealed) (Al Qur’an 13:38)

There are four Revelations mentioned by name in the Qur’an. There are several revelations sent by Allah (swt) in different ages for the guidance of human beings of the respective ages. Only four revelations are mentioned by name in the Qur’an: these are the. Torah, Zabur, Injeel and the Qur’an.

  1. Torah is the Wahi, the revelation which was revealed to Prophet Moses (pbuh).

  2. Zabur is the Wahi, the revelation which was revealed to Prophet David (pbuh)

  3. Injeel is the Wahi, the revelation which was revealed to Prophet Jesus (pbuh) and

  4. The Qur’an is the last and final Wahi, the final revelation, which was revealed to the Last and Final Messenger Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).


All previous revelations were only meant for a particular group of people and for a particular time period. Each of the revelations, prior to the revelation of the Glorious Qur’an, was meant only for a particular period and for a particular group of people.

The Qur’an was revealed for whole of humankind. Since the Qur’an was the last and final revelation of Almighty Allah, it was revealed not only for the Muslims or the Arabs, but it was revealed for whole of humankind until the Last Day.

Allah (swt) says in the Qur’an (“Alif Lam Ra. A Book, Which We have revealed Unto thee, in order that Thou mightiest lead mankind Out of the depths of darkness Into light - by the leave Of their Lord – to the way Of (Him) the Exalted in Power, Worthy of all Praise! (Al Qur’an 14:1)”), furthermore, (“Verily We have revealed The Book to thee In truth, for (instructing) mankind -Al Qur’an 39:41”)

The mention of the Glorious Qur’an, this last and final Revelation of Almighty God, is made in all the previous scriptures and in the scriptures of various religions.
 

Concept of Revelations in Hinduism
 

There are two kinds of sacred writings in Hinduism: Sruti and Smrti.

Sruti means that which has been heard, perceived, understood or revealed. It is the oldest and the most sacred of the Hindu’s Scriptures. The Sruti is divided into two main parts: the Vedas and the Upanishads and these two are considered to be of divine origin. Smrti is not as sacred as the sruti. Yet, it is considered to be important and is popular with the Hindus today. Smrti means memory or remembered. This Hindu literature is easier to understand because it speaks about the truths of the Universe through Symbolism and Mythology. The smrti are not considered to be of divine origin, but are accepted as human composition. The Smrti lists rules governing the actions of the individual, the community and the society, which regulate and guide individuals in their daily conduct. They are also known as Dharma Shastra. Smrtis consist of many writings including the Puranas and Itihaas.

There are several Holy Scriptures of the Hindus; among them are the Vedas, Upanishads and the Puranas, Bhagvad Gita, Itihaas etc. Amongst all the Hindu Scriptures, the Vedas are considered the most authentic. No other Hindu Scriptures overrule the Vedas. If there is a contradiction between the Vedas and any other Hindu scripture, the opinion of the Veda will prevail, according to Hindu Scholars.

In short, you may find the concept of sacred scriptures in Hinduism, Several references from these scriptures were provided in the previous section; the concept of Prophet Hood in Hinduism. These authentic religious books of Hinduism speaks about the Concept of God and the last and final Messenger Muhammad (pbuh) which is similar as it is mentioned in the Holy Qur’an.

 

5.  THE CONCEPT OF LIFE AFTER DEATH IN HINDUISM AND IN ISLAM

LIFE AFTER DEATH IN HINDUISM:

The concept of life after death, you may find in both religions which is as follows:

Concept of rebirth in Hinduism – Reincarnation or Transmigration of the Souls

Most of the Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, death and rebirth, which is called ‘Samsara’.
 

  • It is mentioned in the Bhagvad Gita “As a person puts on new garments, giving up old ones, the soul similarly accepts new material bodies, giving up the old and useless.” (Bhagvad Gita 2:22)

 

  • The Doctrine of Re-birth is described in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad: “As a Caterpillar which has wriggled to the top of a blade of grass draws itself over to a new blade, so does the soul, after it has put aside its body draws itself over to a new existence. (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad  4:4:3)

The important point worth noting is that the doctrine of rebirth/ the concept of rebirth is not postulated, propounded nor even mentioned anywhere in what are considered to be the most authentic Hindu scriptures i.e. the Vedas. The Vedas make no mention of the entire concept of transmigration of souls.

Rebirth is not mentioned in the Vedas:
 

Punarjanam does not mean cycle of rebirth but means Life after Death:

The Common word used for the doctrine of rebirth is ‘Punarjanam’. In Sanskrit ‘Punar’ or ‘Puna’, means, ’next time' or ‘again’ and ‘Janam’ means ‘life’. Therefore ‘Punarjanam’ means ‘next life’ or ‘the Life Hereafter’. It does not mean coming to life on earth again and again as a living creature.
If one reads many of the references to Punarjanam in Hindu Scriptures besides the Vedas, keeping the life in the hereafter in mind, one gets the right concept of the next life but not of rebirths or of life again and again. This is true for several quotations of the Bhagvad Gita and Upanishad which speak of Punarjanam.

This concept of repeated births or of cycle of rebirth was developed after the Vedic period. This doctrine was included by humans in subsequent Hindu scriptures including the Upanishad, Bhagvad Gita and the Puranas in a conscious attempt to rationalize and explain the differences between different individuals at birth and the different circumstances in which people find themselves in, with the concept that Almighty God is not unjust. So to say that since God is not unjust the inequalities and differences between people are due to their deeds in their past lives.
 

Life after Death in the Vedas: 

There are some references to the life after death in the Vedas. It is mentioned in:

1.      Rigved Book no. 10, Hymn no. 16 verse no. 4
“The unborn portion, burn that, AGNI, with thy heat; let thy flame, thy splendour, consume it; with those glorious members which thou hast given him, JATAVEDAS, bear him to the world (of the virtuous)”  (Rigved 10:16:4)  The Sanskrit word ‘Sukritam u Lokam’ means ‘the word of the virtuous or region of the pious, referring to the hereafter. The next verse i.e.

2.   Rigveda Book 10 hymn 16 verse 5 says:
“… Putting on (Celestial) life, let the remains (of bodily like) depart: let him, JATAVEDAS be associated with a body.”  (Rigveda 10:16:5) This verse too refers to a second life i.e. life after death. 
 

Paradise – Swarga in the Vedas:

'Swarg’ i.e. Paradise, is described in several places in the Vedas including.

  • Atharva Veda Book 4 hymn 34 verse 6 (Devichand) “May all these streams of butter, with their banks of honey, flowing with distilled water, and milk and curds and water reach thee in domestic life enhancing thy pleasure. May thou acquire completely these things strengthening the soul in diverse ways.” (Atharva Veda 4:34:6)

 

  • “Bereft of physical bodies, pure, cleansed with the wind, brilliant, they go to a brilliant world. The fire does not cause burning in their male organ. In the world of happiness they get plenty of women”  (Atharva Veda 4:34:2)

 

  • “May the realized ones, first of all, take the vital breath under their control from the limbs in which it has been circulating. Go to heaven stay firm with all the parts of your body. Attain the world of light and emancipation, following the path of the enlightened ones (your predecessors)”.  (Atharva Veda 2:34:5)

 

  • “O both of you, start to accomplish it, make determined effort to accomplish it. Those having unflinching faith attain this abode of happiness. Whatever ripe offerings you have made in fire of sacrifice, may both, the husband and wife, stand united to guard them with care”(Atharva Veda 6:122:5)

 

  • Rigveda  “O Aila, the loud-sounding clouds, these divines say to you, since you are indeed subject to death, let your progeny propitiate your revered cosmic forces with oblations, then alone you shall rejoice (with me) in heaven”  (Rigveda 10:95:18)

Hell – ‘Nark’ in the Vedas

‘Nark’ or ‘Hell’ is also described in the Vedas and the Sanskrit word used is ‘Narakasthanam’.
It is also mentioned in Rigveda  “May the bounteous fire divine, consume them with his fiercely glowing sharp jaws like flames, who disregard the commandments and steadfast laws of most venerable and sagacious Lord” (Rigveda 4:5:4)

Thus, the concept of life after death, Heaven and Hell can be found in Vedas, Bhagvad Gita,  and Upanishad.
 

LIFE AFTER DEATH – THE HEREAFTER IN  ISLAM

Islam states that a human being comes into this world only once, and after he dies, he is again resurrected on the Day of Judgment. Depending on his deeds he will either dwell in heaven i.e. Paradise or he will dwell in hell.

1.      Live once in this world and then be resurrected in the Hereafter
It is mentioned in the Qur’an   “How can ye reject the faith in Allah? Seeing that ye were without life, And He gave you life; Then will He cause you to die, and will He again bring you to life; And again to Him will ye return. (Al Qur’an 2:28)

2.   This Life is a test for the hereafter
It is mentioned in the Qur’an “He who created Death and Life, that He may try which of you is best in deed; And He is the exalted in Might, oft- forgiving” (Al Qur’an 67:2)
This life that we lead in this world is a test for the hereafter. If we follow the commandments of the Almighty Creator and we pass the test, we shall enter Paradise i.e., which is Eternal Bliss. If we do not follow the commandments of our creator and fail the test then we shall be put into hell.

3.      Full Recompense on the Day of Judgment:
It is mentioned in the Qur’an “Every soul shall have a test of death. And only on the Day of Judgment shall, you be paid your full recompense. Only he who is saved far from the fire and admitted to the Garden will have attained the object (of life). For the life of this world is but goods and chattels of deception.” (Al Qur’an 3:185)

4.      Paradise – Al Jannah


a.      Al-Jannah i.e. paradise is a place of perpetual bliss. In Arabic, ‘jannat’ literally means ‘the Garden’. The Qur’an describes paradise in great detail, such as gardens underneath which rivers run. It contains rivers of milk unchanging in flavour and rivers of purified honey. In paradise is fruit of every kind. No fatigue shall be felt in paradise neither shall there be any idle talk. There shall be no cause of sin, difficulty, anxiety, trouble or hardship. Paradise shall thus have peace and bliss. 

b.   Paradise is described in several verses of the Qur’an including:

  1. Surah Ale Imran Chapter 3 verse 15

  2. Surah Ale Imran Chapter 3 verse 198            

  3. Surah Al-Nisa Chapter 4 verse 57              

  4. Surah Al Maidah Chapter 5 verse 119            

  5. Surah At-Taubah Chapter 9 verse 72                          

  6. Surah Al-Hajr Chapter 15 verses 45-48    

  7. Surah Al-Kahf Chapter 18 verse 31            

  8. Surah Al-Hajj Chapter 22 verse 23

  9. Surah Al-Fatir Chapter 35 verses 33-35

  10. Surah Yasin Chapter 36 verses 55-58

  11. Surah Al-Saffat Chapter 37 verses 41-49

  12. Surah Al-Zukhruf Chapter 43 verses 68-73

  13. Surah Al-Dukhan Chapter 44 verses 51-57

  14. Surah Muhammad Chapter 47 verse 15

  15. Surah Al-Tur Chapter 52 verses 17-24    

  16. Surah Al-Rahman Chapter 55 verses 46-77    

  17. Surah Al-Waqiah Chapter 56 verses 11-38

5.      Hell – Jahannam

Hell is a place of torment where evil-doers undergo the most terrible pain and suffering caused by being burnt by hellfire, a fire whose fuel is men and stones. Further, the Qur’an states that as many times as their skins are burnt, the residents of hell shall be given fresh skin so that they feel the pain. Hell is described in several verses of the Qur’an including:

  1. Surah Al-Baqarah Chapter 2 Verse 24             

  2. Surah Al-Nisa Chapter 4 Verse 56             

  3. Surah Ibrahim Chapter 14 Verses 16,17   

  4. Surah Al-Hajj Chapter 22 Verses 19-22   

  5. Surah Al-Fatir Chapter 35 Verses 36,37   


Thus, This life that we live is the test for the hereafter. Thus, both religion agree in the concept of life after death, heaven and hell.

6.  THE CONCEPT OF FATE & DESTINY IN HINDUISM & IN ISLAM

1.      Concept of Destiny – Qadr in Islam

Qadr’ is the concept of Destiny. Certain aspects of human life are predestined by our Creator Almighty Allah. For example, where and when will a person be born, the surroundings and conditions in which he will be born, how long will he live and where and when he will die. These are predetermined by the Creator.

 

2.      Concept of Destiny in Hinduism

3.      Present Conditions are a test

Concept of Destiny in Hinduism is somewhat similar to Islam.

There are several verses in the Qur’an which clearly specify that our Creator Almighty Allah tests us in several different ways. It is mentioned in the Qur’an:

 

  1. “Or do ye think that ye shall enter the Garden (of Bliss) without such (trials) as came to those who passed away before you? They encountered suffering and adversity, and were shaken in spirit that even The Messenger and those of faith who were with him cried:  “When (will come) the help of Allah?” Ah! Verily, the help Of Allah is (always) near!” (Al Qur’an 2:214)

  2. “Every soul shall have a taste of death And we test you by evil and by good by way of trial - to Us must ye return.” (Al Qur’an 21:35)

  3. “Be sure we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives, or the fruits (of your toil), but give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere.” (Al Qur’an 2:155)

  4. “And know ye that your possessions And your progeny, are but a trial And that it is Allah with whom lies Your highest reward”. (Al Qur’an 8:28)

4.      Children born with congenital defects are a test for their parents
 

Allah (swt) tests, different people in different ways, some with health, some with disease, some with wealth, some with poverty, some with more intelligence, some with less, and depending upon the facility He gives the individual, He tests accordingly.
Some children are born healthy while others are born handicapped or with a congenital defect. Irrespective of whether a child is born healthy or handicap, in Islam he is Masoom i.e. sinless. There is no question of the child being handicapped due to a carried forward baggage of past sins from ‘a previous life’. Such a belief will not inculcate a charitable attitude in others. Others might say that the child deserves his birth defects or the handicap since, it is a result of his ‘bad karma’.

Islam states that such handicaps are a type of test for the parent whether they are yet thankful towards their Creator or not. Do they retain their patience? Do they continue to persevere?

There is a famous saying that a person was sad because he had no shoes to wear until he saw a person who had no feet.

It is mentioned in the Qur’an: “And know ye that your possessions And your progeny, are but a trial And that it is Allah with whom lies Your highest reward.” (Al Qur’an 8:28)

Allah (swt) may be testing the parents whether they yet are thankful to their Creator or not. May be the parents are righteous and pious and deserve Jannah. If Allah wants to give them a higher place in Jannah, He will test them further, e.g. by giving a handicap child. Yet, if they are thankful to their Creator, they will deserve a higher reward i.e. the Jannatul Firdous.

Thus the main reason for the differences in the human being is that this life is a test for the hereafter. Life after death and Destiny is mentioned in the Qur’an as well as in the Vedas.
 

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